In the article about Kingdom of Kurdistan we are going to explore in detail all the aspects related to this topic. From its origin and evolution over time, to its influence on today's society. We will analyze the different perspectives and theories related to Kingdom of Kurdistan, as well as its impact in different areas, such as culture, economy, politics, technology, among others. In addition, we will address the main challenges that Kingdom of Kurdistan currently faces, as well as the possible solutions and innovations that are emerging around this topic. Ultimately, this article aims to offer a complete and updated view on Kingdom of Kurdistan, providing relevant information and in-depth analysis for all those interested in delving deeper into this topic.
The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived Kurdish state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It lasted from September 1921 until July 1925. Officially, the territory involved was under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
During the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds attempted to establish an independent state.
Mahmud Barzanji, the Shaykh of the Qadiriyyah order of Sufis, the most influential personality in Southern Kurdistan, was appointed governor of the former sanjak of Duhok, but rallied against the British and declared an independent Kurdistan in May 1919. He was defeated in June.
On 10 October 1921, a statement was issued in Suleymanyah, the capital of Kurdistan, to establish a Kurdish government. Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji declared himself as the King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan.
After the Treaty of Sèvres, which settled some territories, Sulaymaniya still remained under the direct control of the British High Commissioner. After the subsequent penetration of the Turkish "Özdemir" Detachment into the area, an attempt was made by the British to counter this by appointing Shaykh Mahmud governor again, in September 1922. The Shaykh revolted again, and in November declared himself King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan. Members of his cabinet included:
Shaikh Qadir Hafeed – Prime Minister
Abdulkarim Alaka, a Christian Kurd – Finance Minister
Zaky Sahibqran – Defence Minister of the Kurdish National Army
Barzanji was defeated by the British in July 1924, and in January 1926 the League of Nations gave the mandate over the territory back to Iraq, with the provision for special rights for Kurds. In 1930–1931, Shaykh Makhmud Barzanji made his last unsuccessful attempt.[clarification needed]
The British Royal Air Force's Iraq Command acting on behalf of the Iraqi government in Baghdad played a part in bringing the Kingdom of Kurdistan to an end.
^Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in Current History, January.
^Eskander, S. (2000) "Britain's policy in Southern Kurdistan: The Formation and the Termination of the First Kurdish Government, 1918-1919" in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 27, No. 2. pp. 139-163.
^Mustafa Paşa bir müddet sonra Süleymaniye'de İngiliz destekli bir hükümet olan Şeyh Mahmud Berzenci hükümetinde Eğitim Bakanlığı görevine getirilmiştir. (Ferudun Ata, Süleymaniyeli Nemrut Mustafa Paşa: Bir İşbirlikçinin Portresi, Temel, 2008, ISBN9789754101003, p. 103.)
General
McDowell, D. (1996) A Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 155–163, 194-196