Voiceless bilabial plosive | |
---|---|
p | |
IPA Number | 101 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | p |
Unicode (hex) | U+0070 |
X-SAMPA | p |
Braille |
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p
.
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
IPA | Description |
---|---|
p | plain p |
pʰ | aspirated p |
pˠ | velarized p |
pʲ | palatalized p |
pʷ | labialized p |
p̚ | p with no audible release |
p̌ | voiced p |
p͈ | tense p |
pʼ | ejective p |
The stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted /p/ to /f/ but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.
Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as in extensions to the IPA).
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | паӏо/paio | ⓘ | 'hat' | ||
Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | 'beautiful girls' | ||
Hejazi | بول/پول/pōl | 'Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. | ||
Egyptian | كبش/kabš | 'ram' | Allophone of before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | ||
Armenian | Eastern | պապիկ/papik | ⓘ | 'grandpa' | Contrasts with aspirated form |
Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | 'face' | |||
Basque | harrapatu | 'to catch' | |||
Bengali | পথ | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
Catalan | por | 'fear' | See Catalan phonology | ||
Chuvash | путене/putene | 'quail' | |||
Czech | pes | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | ||
Danish | Standard | bog | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced [b] in the intervocalic position. It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology | |
Dutch | plicht | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | ||
English | pack | 'pack' | See English phonology | ||
Esperanto | tempo | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | ||
Filipino | pato | 'duck' | |||
Finnish | pappa | 'grandpa' | See Finnish phonology | ||
French | pomme | 'apple' | See French phonology | ||
Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | 把戲 | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology | |
German | Pack | 'pile' | See Standard German phonology | ||
Greek | πόδι / pódi | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
Gujarati | પગ/pag | 'foot' | See Gujarati phonology | ||
Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology | |
Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | 'clerk' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
Hindi | पल / pal | ||||
Hungarian | pápa | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
Italian | papà | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | ||
Japanese | ポスト / posuto | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | ||
Kabardian | пэ/pė | ⓘ | 'nose' | ||
Khmer | ពន្យល់ / pônyól | 'to explain' | See Khmer phonology | ||
Korean | 빛 / bit | 'light' | See Korean phonology | ||
Kurdish | Northern | por | 'hair' | See Kurdish phonology | |
Central | پیرۆزە/píroze | 'lammergeier' | |||
Southern | پۊنگه/pûûnga | 'pennyroyal' | |||
Lakota | púza | 'dry' | |||
Lithuanian | pastatas | 'building' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
Luxembourgish | bëlleg | 'cheap' | Less often voiced [b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/. See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
Macedonian | пее/pee | 'sing' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
Malay | panas | 'hot' | Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as instead in lembap 'damp'. See Malay phonology | ||
Maltese | aptit | 'appetite' | |||
Mandarin | Dungan | бонцу | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology | |
Nanjingnese | 半大子 | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology | ||
Sichuanese | 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology | ||
Standard | 爆炸 / bàozhà | ⓘ | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology | |
Xi'annese | 迸 | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology | ||
Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | 'rain' | See Marathi phonology | ||
Min Chinese | Hokkien | 咖啡 / ko-pi | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology | |
Teochew | 僻 / piah4 | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology | ||
Fuzhounese | 白撞 / băh-dâung | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology | ||
Mutsun | po·čor | 'a sore' | |||
Nepali | पिता/pitā | 'father' | See Nepali phonology | ||
Norwegian | pappa | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | ||
Odia | ପଥର/pathara | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | ||
Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | 'cheese' | |||
Persian | پول/pul | 'money' | |||
Pirahã | pibaóí | 'otter' | |||
Polish | pas | ⓘ | 'belt' | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | pai | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | ||
Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā | 'leaf' | |||
Romanian | pas | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | ||
Russian | плод/plod | 'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | ||
Serbo-Croatian | пиће / piće | 'drink' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
Slovak | pes | 'dog' | |||
Slovene | pes | 'dog' | See Slovene phonology | ||
Spanish | peso | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | ||
Swahili | pombe | 'beer' | |||
Swedish | apa | 'monkey' | See Swedish phonology | ||
Telugu | పని | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. | ||
Thai | แป้ง/paeng | 'powder' | See Thai phonology | ||
Tsez | пу/pu | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | ||
Turkish | kap | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | ||
Ukrainian | павук/pavuk | 'spider' | See Ukrainian phonology | ||
Vietnamese | nhíp | 'tweezers' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
Welsh | siop | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | ||
West Frisian | panne | 'pan' | |||
Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology | |
Suzhounese | 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology | ||
Wenzhounese | 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology | ||
Yi | ꀠ / ba | 'exchange' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
Yue Chinese | Cantonese | 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology | |
Taishanese | 白 | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology | ||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | 'daughter' | |||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan | pan | 'bread' |